What happens in Phase 1 drug metabolism?
Phase I metabolism consists of reduction, oxidation, or hydrolysis reactions. These reactions serve to convert lipophilic drugs into more polar molecules by adding or exposing a polar functional group such as -NH2 or -OH.
What are the stages of xenobiotic detoxification?
The metabolism of xenobiotics is often divided into three phases:- modification, conjugation, and excretion. These reactions act in concert to detoxify xenobiotics and remove them from cells.
What is a Phase 1 enzyme?
Phase I enzymes are responsible for reactions involving oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis. Oxidation involves the enzymatic addition of oxygen or removal of hydrogen, carried out by mixed function oxidases, often in the liver.
What is the Phase I and Phase II reaction explain in detail?
Phase I reactions of drug metabolism involve oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis of the parent drug, resulting in its conversion to a more polar molecule. Phase II reactions involve conjugation by coupling the drug or its metabolites to another molecule, such as glucuronidation, acylation, sulfate, or glicine.
What is the phase I and phase II reaction explain in detail?
What is the difference between Phase I and II metabolism?
The key difference between phase I and phase II metabolism is that the phase I metabolism converts a parent drug to polar active metabolites while phase II metabolism converts a parent drug to polar inactive metabolites. Metabolism (drug metabolism) is the anabolic and catabolic breakdown of drugs by living organisms.
What are the 3 phases of detoxification?
The detoxification system is defined by three phase pathways:
- Phase I: Bioactivation.
- Phase II: Conjugation.
- Phase III: Transport.
Where do phase 1 reactions occur?
The enzymes involved in Phase I reactions are primarily located in the endoplasmic reticulum of the liver cell, they are called microsomal enzymes. Phase II metabolism involves the introduction of a hydrophilic endogenous species, such as glucuronic acid or sulfate, to the drug molecule.
What is the difference between phase 1 metabolism and phase 2 metabolism?
What happens in Phase 1 liver detoxification?
Phase 1 detoxification is the process of oxidation- which is the first step in breaking toxins down and transforming them into less harmful water-soluble molecules that can be eliminated from the body. The problem is that this process creates free radicals, also known as, reactive oxygen species.
What is Phase II liver detoxification?
Listen to pronunciation. (fayz dee-TOK-sih-fih-KAY-shun) A process in which the liver uses one of two major enzyme pathways to change a toxic substance, such as an anticancer drug, into a less toxic substance that is easier for the body to excrete.
Which of the following is phase 2 metabolic reaction?
Phase II metabolic reactions are characterized as conjugation reactions and are catalyzed by enzymes known as transferases.
What is bioremediation of xenobiotics?
The term ‘bioremediation’ means transformation of a chemical compound from highly complicated form (organic) to simple (inorganic) form through biological means.
What is Phase 2 liver detoxification?
A process in which the liver uses one of two major enzyme pathways to change a toxic substance, such as an anticancer drug, into a less toxic substance that is easier for the body to excrete.
